What does 萌え Moe mean?

Moe names a particular affection a viewer feels toward a character: protective, disproportionate, slightly helpless. It is not a quality a character possesses, which is the first thing the usual English translation of cute gets wrong.

Two verbs, one sound

萌える (moeru) is what plants do in spring: sprout, bud, come up. 燃える (moeru) is to burn. The words are homophones, and both have been offered as the source, which is unusually satisfying because the two readings describe the same feeling from different angles: something germinating, or something catching fire.

The written form settled on the sprouting character, so budding is the sense the orthography endorses.

The origin is genuinely uncertain

This is worth stating plainly, because most pages on this subject pick a story and present it as settled. There are at least three candidates.

One traces it to a character named Moe in the 1993 NHK educational anime Kyōryū Wakusei, a theory popularized by the commentator Toshio Okada and disputed by one of the show's writers. Another points at a character in Sailor Moon whose name uses the same character. A third, argued by the critic Morikawa Kaichirō and reported by the anthropologist Patrick Galbraith, locates it on 1990s message boards including NIFTY-Serve, among fans discussing bishōjo characters.

The honest position is that nobody can date it precisely.

Why cute is the wrong translation

Cute describes the object. Moe describes the subject. A character can be constructed to provoke it, and much of the industry is organized around doing so deliberately, but the word points at what happens in the person watching.

That is why the grammar looks odd in English. Speakers say they feel it toward a character rather than saying the character is it, and translating the noun into an adjective loses the direction the word points.

What English does not have

English has no noun for an affection aimed downward at something small and defenseless that is neither parental nor romantic, and that the speaker half admits is excessive. Adorable is about the object again. Doting is about behavior and is faintly disapproving.

The Japanese word carries the excess in it without apologizing for it, and it carries the germinating or burning metaphor as a description of how the feeling arrives, which is why the loanword survived where the translations did not.